一 | 这张图像展示了已知最大星系IC1101。
二 | The decision says the state-level department “will recognize any unborn child with a detectable human heartbeat … as eligible for the Georgia individual income tax dependent exemption,” explaining that the new rule follows from the US Supreme Court’s June ruling in Dobbs vs. Jackson and a US Court of Appeals decision in Sistersong vs. Kemp that was handed down on July 20.,The former overturned the 1973 Roe vs. Wade ruling, removing the federal right to an abortion, and the latter allowed Georgia’s so-called “heartbeat bill,” signed into law in 2019 but blocked by a judge, to take effect.,Beginning on July 20, 2022, taxpayers filing a claim can get a tax exemption of $3,000 per embryo, but may need to provide "relevant medical records or other supporting documents,” the department says.,The Georgia law claims to ban abortions after what it calls a “fetal heartbeat” is detectable, which can be as early as six weeks after conception, when most people don’t yet know that they’re pregnant. However, the situation it describes in that way is not actually a heartbeat, but a series of electrical impulses from a cluster of cells that will eventually grow into the heart’s “pacemaker” if the pregnancy develops normally.,Opponents have said the concept is not scientific and is an attempt to ban abortions at an extremely early time.,Before the high court struck down Roe vs. Wade in June, the 1973 ruling had banned restrictions on abortion access during the first trimester, which typically ends around week 12 of the pregnancy, and only allowed restrictions, but not bans, during the second trimester. However, with those rules now gone, several restrictive laws passed years ago but blocked because they violated the court’s ruling have now been allowed to take effect, as have abortion-banning laws from before the Roe ruling that were never removed from the books, and so-called “trigger laws” written to take effect whenever Roe was overturned.,Thus, according to the law in Georgia, the moment an embryo (it’s not technically a fetus yet) in a pregnant person’s uterus has a detectable series of “pacemaker” electrical signals, it’s officially a person.,However, more liberal areas of the Peach State have vowed to oppose the two court rulings, with district attorneys in the Atlanta area pledging they will “not be using precious tax dollars allocated to this office to pursue prosecutions” under the abortion-restricting law.,In other US states with similar “heartbeat” laws, the effort to extend legal personhood to fetuses and embryos has hit rockier terrain. An Arizona judge blocked a bill on the subject last month, calling it “constitutionally vague.”,Taxation isn’t the only unexpected change caused by the Dobbs ruling: a woman in Texas has tried to argue that her unborn fetus should count as a passenger in her car, allowing her to drive in the high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane on the highway.。
三 | 图片来源：NASA/ESA/哈勃太空望远镜 据ScienceNews网站最新报道，包括西班牙天文学家在内的联合团队通过超深成像观测确认已知最大星系边界。这个名为IC1101的星系直径达到约520千秒差距（星系尺度单位），接近170万光年，宽度相当于17个银河系并排排列，而这个星系目前还在成长。 确定这一尺度的关键，是天文学家获取了迄今对IC1101曝光时间最长、探测最深的影像。这些图像由位于西班牙加那利群岛拉帕尔马岛的艾萨克·牛顿望远镜于早前拍摄。
四 | 经过最新详细测算，天文学家得以识别这颗巨星系暗淡的外缘，同时算出IC1101的恒星物质总质量约为3.4万亿个太阳质量。
五 | IC1101坐落在距地球超过10亿光年的Abell2029星系团中心，是该星系团中光度最高的星系。这类星系位居宇宙中最庞大星系之列，其成长方式是通过反复吞并附近较小的星系来不断扩张，这一过程被称作星系同类相食。 此前的研究已经暗示IC1101体量巨大，但始终未能精确界定星系本体与外围星系团弥散物质之间的过渡边界。
六 | 本次超深观测填补了这一空白。加那利天体物理研究所的天文学家们在星系边缘识别出带状尾流结构，认为这是IC1101与其他星系发生并合的产物，表明该星系迄今仍在吸积物质，生长并未停止。 加那利天体物理研究所天文学家卡洛斯·马雷罗-德拉罗萨表示，IC1101展示了涉及反复并合与吸积的星系演化过程在极端尺度上的样貌，是可参照的星系未来演变样本。 这次边界判定之所以重要，是因为最亮团星系的暗弱外围通常会混入星系团的弥漫星光，导致很难判断巨星系本体的终结位置。IC1101的测量结果为这类天体的尺度研究提供了方法论样本。作为已知最大的星系，它的存在也揭示了在数十亿年的时间尺度上，宇宙中的最大尺度星系结构可以通过持续吞并周围星系而发展到何等极端的规模。（记者张梦然）。
七 |
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